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關(guān)于標語景觀“關(guān)鍵詞——發(fā)展”與“關(guān)鍵詞——和諧”的闡釋

來源:99藝術(shù)網(wǎng)專稿 作者:倪衛(wèi)華 2008-12-06
關(guān)于標語景觀“關(guān)鍵詞——發(fā)展”與“關(guān)鍵詞——和諧”的闡釋
倪衛(wèi)華
在中國,標語是伴隨著時代演進的一個最重要的視覺景觀,作者對標語景觀直接的拍攝記錄起始于一九九八年底對城市標志性因素的分類搜尋,這是作者與另一位建筑師兼藝術(shù)家王家浩一起合作的城市研究課題“線性城市”的一個研究環(huán)節(jié)——即對商業(yè)、交通、人口等城市各因素密集程度排序的采樣統(tǒng)計。在搜尋中,作者發(fā)現(xiàn),“發(fā)展是硬道理”這一條標語充斥著上海這座城市的許多公共空間,于是作者將其作為城市因素的“地址”概念之一進行統(tǒng)計,同時作為標語題材本身進行“景觀的記錄”而展開重點拍攝。
 
(一)、關(guān)于《關(guān)鍵詞——發(fā)展》
事實上,在拍攝標語“發(fā)展”之前,作者已經(jīng)深深感受到,標語很早以來就是中國人日常生活的重要內(nèi)容之一。印象最深的是兒時的情景,那時候的標語可以用“鋪天蓋地”來形容,標語的關(guān)鍵詞匯可能是“革命”、“萬歲”或“專政”一類的,而出現(xiàn)的密集程度則遠遠超過當今這個時代。這是這一時期以政治為中心的社會活動最顯著的特征。改革開放以后,政治性標語盡管也一度作為標志性“話語”主宰著整個標語景觀的半壁江山,但迅速取而代之占據(jù)主導地位的是“廣告的話語”,由于經(jīng)濟迅速膨脹的社會變化伴隨著拜金主義思潮填補了剛剛被政治狂熱洗劫過的中國人的靈魂,于是,從“走私”到“倒爺”,從個體戶到全民經(jīng)商,從促銷到傳銷,從假冒偽劣商品到“忽悠行騙”,中國人仿佛一夜間經(jīng)歷了資本主義社會上百年才走過的商品化、物欲化道路,而作為最鮮明外化特征的便是大大小小廣告標語的出現(xiàn)與泛瀾。“廣告的話語”同樣以復制、蔓延、滲透的方式硬性侵占著優(yōu)美有序的自然景觀,也侵占著建筑物、公共設(shè)施、文化媒體等人文景觀,并構(gòu)成人們?nèi)粘I畈豢煞指畹囊坏里L景線。
九十年代末期,也許是對過于空洞性政治生活的厭倦和厭惡,也許是對改革開放以來生活方式的某種認同,也許是對創(chuàng)建強國之路民族主義情節(jié)的迷戀,也許是對總設(shè)計師睿智務(wù)實的人格魅力的敬佩,整個社會忽然之間接受了一個光燦燦的、“十分體面”的話語——“發(fā)展是硬道理”。于是,全國各地,特別是受惠改革開放最多的深圳、上海、廣州等大城市像雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)出了這一最具中國時代特征的標語。它像是一個簡明扼要的經(jīng)濟宣言,也像是政策性的行政命令,又像是集體無意識的一個提示性點撥,當然,最為詞切意達的是:它更像一個人們似乎熟悉已久的“廣告的話語”——即“××是什么”這一典型廣告語結(jié)構(gòu)的陳述句式,它似乎直截了當?shù)卦谡T導消費者認同某一個商品品牌。而巧合的是,“發(fā)展是硬道理”這一標語在更多的場合下,正是放置或占據(jù)于大大小小廣告牌的突出位置的。這是戶外媒體招租前的一種臨時性替補策略。對于廣告商而言,大多數(shù)情況下,展示和宣傳“發(fā)展是硬道理”不會使經(jīng)濟運營成本上升,這里所發(fā)生的只是“沉沒成本”,是本來就需要等待的成本(當一旦有商家購買后,就會換上“可口可樂”等商品品牌的廣告語),相反,由于所選擇的替代內(nèi)容“發(fā)展是硬道理”,因為十分“得體”、“合適”、“吉利”而頗受大眾的認同,當然最為重要的是,它由于受到掌握了商業(yè)資源的政府部門青睞,因而還會帶來意想不到的經(jīng)濟增值效應。
作為景觀,“發(fā)展”這一關(guān)鍵詞像是鑲嵌于城市里拔地而起的高樓大廈的注釋性“標簽”,是中國沿海開放城市經(jīng)濟建設(shè)速度的最具概括性的印證。而一旦有了“發(fā)展”的掩護,仿佛所有經(jīng)濟的、政治的、社會的和文化的沖突性問題都解決了。因為不管快與慢,不管貧富差異有多大,至少每一個群體乃至個人都在“發(fā)展”,這才是放之四海而皆準的“硬道理”,因而它是毋容置疑的,是人們習以為常的集體主義和平均主義意識形態(tài)的一個最為巧妙的、策略的延續(xù)。此時擺在各個經(jīng)濟利益體面前的財富“蛋糕”依然很大,只要你勤勞或擁有其他“門道”,就可以穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地切上一塊?!白屢徊糠秩讼雀辉F饋怼闭窃谶@樣的背景下登上歷史舞臺的?!鞍l(fā)展”于是作為一種時尚精神的引領(lǐng),帶來了城市的爆炸性膨脹:城市邊界迅速地擴張,衛(wèi)星城市和小城市相繼形成,各種流通環(huán)節(jié)交織成網(wǎng),商業(yè)設(shè)施如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)。而隨著競爭的加劇,經(jīng)營模式也在不斷地升級,先后呈現(xiàn)了大型百貨商店、個體商業(yè)一條街、精品專賣店、跳蚤市場、連鎖超市、大賣場等商業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)及經(jīng)營模式。伴隨而來的是,跨國公司的商業(yè)巨無霸、國際化商品品牌和全新理念的服務(wù)也大規(guī)模地在中國駐扎生根。以上海為例,在市中心,各種世界品牌的專賣店及精致的購物中心星羅棋布;稍微偏離中心一些的城區(qū),編織著縱橫交錯的商業(yè)街群落,在城郊結(jié)合部,鑲嵌著一個個巨無霸式的超級大賣場,及其為大大小小商場進行配送服務(wù)的物流倉儲設(shè)施等;另外,商業(yè)的繁榮也帶來工業(yè)景氣度的直線上升,在城郊,隨著城環(huán)和郊環(huán)線通向各個衛(wèi)星城區(qū),制造加工業(yè)不斷地涌現(xiàn)與擴展,世界500強的OEM定制工廠安頓在上海郊區(qū)及昆山、蘇州等外圍城市,從而拖動了這一地區(qū)的商業(yè)繁榮。這樣的發(fā)展,對于大多數(shù)中國人來說是新鮮的、刺激的。因而,在相當長一段時間內(nèi)人們似乎忘記了意識形態(tài)對生活的干預,忘記了經(jīng)濟利益體之間,特別是強勢群體和弱勢群體之間財富差距的擴大和矛盾沖突的日益升級,忘記了過度發(fā)展給人的生存環(huán)境造成的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的破壞。人、景、物以及適合于這個發(fā)展中特定時期的拼貼式視覺樣式,在“發(fā)展”標簽的襯映下看起來既嚴肅又滑稽,既合乎情理又不甚協(xié)調(diào),既商業(yè)化又夾帶著政治的圖騰,成為一種集歷時性與共時性為一體的典型的“標語景觀”。
 
(二)、關(guān)于《關(guān)鍵詞——和諧》
西方馬克思主義的代表之一亨利·勒斐伏爾(H·Lefebvre)認為,人類生活空間“不僅是各種歷史和自然因素的產(chǎn)物,而且是一個社會的產(chǎn)物,是意識形態(tài)的產(chǎn)物,是一種由社會和物質(zhì)實踐所組成的社會結(jié)構(gòu)”。在中國,改革開放后由于經(jīng)歷了較長期的短缺經(jīng)濟時代,因而“發(fā)展”一直是這一歷史時期不可替代的關(guān)鍵詞(由“發(fā)展”引出的標語景觀同樣成為該類型的主導性景觀),其他的所有當下社會問題都應服從或依附于這個“中心”議題。但是,由于技術(shù)與管理水平相對落后,加上法律法規(guī)的滯后性,“發(fā)展”過程往往呈現(xiàn)出初放型的、資源消耗型的特征?!鞍l(fā)展”仿佛是一輛快速行進的、無法停頓或減速下來的內(nèi)燃機車,而它令人炫耀的行進速度的衡量標志便是GDP。GDP一直以來都是政府重點追求的“發(fā)展”硬指標,GDP讓中國的城市擴張起來,亮堂起來,繁榮起來。一座座與“政績工程”有著千絲萬縷瓜葛的,富麗堂皇的樓宇建筑在城市空間昂首矗立,仿佛在炫耀著、訴說著“中國式發(fā)展”的巨大成就。
然而,一種令人震驚的負面力量也正纏繞著“發(fā)展”撲面而來,那就是:過度的發(fā)展與競爭造成資源的無節(jié)制消耗和污染的超標排放,并且已經(jīng)逐步影響著生態(tài)平衡,影響著可持續(xù)發(fā)展的生存空間和民眾的生活質(zhì)量;社會價值觀普遍忽視政治、文化、藝術(shù)等發(fā)展的軟指標,而是單向度地聚焦經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,反而違背了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的初衷,民眾的“幸福指數(shù)”似乎正呈下降趨勢;日益擴大的貧富差距激化了主流社會“精英”群體與下層弱勢群體之間的矛盾與沖突,引發(fā)出越來越多的社會問題……于是,近二、三年來,在新一屆政府的極力倡導和推動下,一個恰當?shù)脑~匯正漸漸地取代“發(fā)展”,成為中國社會新的關(guān)鍵詞,成為城市空間里的標語新景觀,它就是“和諧”。
作為詞語,“和諧”源自于中國古代的“天人合一”思想,強調(diào)人類不能一味地向自然界(社會)索取,而要尊重和回報于自然(社會)。道家創(chuàng)始人老子提出:人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然。說的是,人要以尊重自然規(guī)律為最高準則,以崇尚自然、效法天地作為人生行為的基本依歸。而“構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會”的政治訴求,正是在這艘充滿著“發(fā)展”慣性的中國式巨輪面臨觸礁的緊要關(guān)頭,領(lǐng)航人以古為鑒,向全體“船員”尤其是強勢利益群體亮出的一盞具有警示意味的“航標燈”。
可以肯定的是,關(guān)鍵詞“和諧”所傳遞出的訊息,已經(jīng)遠遠超出作為關(guān)鍵詞“發(fā)展”時代所涉及的宏觀經(jīng)濟“N年”規(guī)劃藍本中粗黑箭頭的簡單指向,超出了后冷戰(zhàn)時代國際沖突帶來的那些棘手的應對問題,超出了改革派與保守派之間關(guān)于“姓資”、“姓社”的那場曠日持久的“原則立場”之爭。它所涉及的是:社會誠信的缺失、濫用能源及超標排放引發(fā)的氣候異常、漲價、城鄉(xiāng)之間的敵視、毒品、醫(yī)患關(guān)系的緊張、金融動蕩等一系列糾葛不清的百姓視點,是新一屆務(wù)實型政府經(jīng)常拿到最高權(quán)力中心作為一號或二號工程予以研究和解決的“民生話題”。關(guān)鍵詞“和諧”于是乎像要承載起喚醒中國傳統(tǒng)文化價值觀回歸的歷史重任,承載起正處于失控邊緣、潘多拉魔盒式的中國經(jīng)濟乃至社會拉回健康發(fā)展軌道的重大使命。
關(guān)鍵詞——“和諧”,這個由漢字構(gòu)成的視覺符號,如今可能聳立于某個大城市的某座摩天大樓樓頂?shù)木薮髲V告牌上,廣告牌以清山綠水的噴繪攝影圖像作為背景,透現(xiàn)出雄峻、壯美、氣派的風采;可能以一長串公益宣傳的大幅標語形式,環(huán)繞裝飾于一跨房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)區(qū)的臨時圍墻上,在黃昏時分金黃色的余暉中,伴隨著川流不息的下班人群,組合出一段中國式的“后現(xiàn)代生活”視頻;可能精心布置于新城區(qū)某個“高尚住宅小區(qū)”綠化帶前的櫥窗里,一位老人正在它的面前顫顫巍巍地經(jīng)過;可能浮現(xiàn)于鬧市區(qū)交通要道拱型電子屏幕的滾動字幕中,時而閃過的發(fā)光二極管燈光陣列在夜空中分外耀眼,仿佛昭示“詞”與物之間的意義互動……
而關(guān)鍵詞“和諧”,作為一個個的標語景觀,忽然間在快門“咔嚓”作響的一剎那,那些三三兩兩成群結(jié)隊或者偶爾擦肩而過的男人和女人,或者獨自晃過的落單身影,或者溜著寵物狗的休閑組合,在記實鏡頭里,留下了時而清晰、時而模糊的臉部表情的定格畫面:有的悠閑自得,有的心滿意足,有的焦躁不安,有的表現(xiàn)出那種無可名狀的尷尬。
當“和諧”——這一飽蘸歷史文化積淀,又直面當下意識形態(tài)語境的關(guān)鍵詞,與波普藝術(shù)樣式的街景拼貼組合時,與藍天白云融合一色時,與人的千奇百怪的表情互為襯映時,與時尚元素碰擦閃光時,作者驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn):作為詞語的景觀影像與其意義邏輯之間原來是錯位的、分割的甚至是沖突的。是一種貌似熟悉,實際非常陌生的并置關(guān)系,是生活中某些強行捆綁的舞臺布景擺設(shè)。而我作為一名拿著鏡頭的觀察者,在記錄“真實”景物與事件的過程中,漸漸地陷入了一種“虛構(gòu)現(xiàn)實”的視界,并且正不由自主地被卷入“意義的黑洞”。
 
 
【編輯:賈嫻靜】
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Interpretations of Key Words "Development" and "Harmony" in Slogan Views
Ni Weihua
In China, slogans are one of the most important scenic sights that evolve with time. My capturing of such sights started at the end of 1998 when I was doing a research named “Linear Cities” by seeking and sorting typical metropolitan indicators. such as commercialization, transportation and population with an architect and artist Wang Jiahao.  During the research, I found that  the slogan “Development is the most important principle” had occupied many public spaces in Shanghai. So I decided to count it as an element under the category “address” among all metropolitan indicators and in the meanwhile, started photographing them to "make a scenic documentary”.
I. On Keyword “Development”
In fact, long before the shooting of the “development” slogan, I had deeply felt that slogans have long played an important role in Chinese people’s daily lives. In the vivid memory of my childhood, the abundance of slogans could be described as “all over the world”. The intensity of keywords like “Revolution”, “Vive”, “Dictatorship” was far more than today, which was obviously one of the most distinctive features in the time when everything centered around politics. After China’s adoption of “Reform and Opening- up” policy, it wasn’t long before the political slogans that had dominated half the landscape of slogan sights as symbolic "words” replaced by “advertising words”. Due to the drastic social changes characterized by booming economies and the rising of Mammonism which almost “enriched” every Chinese soul in the wake of a political craze, it seemed as if just overnight, China had gone through the path of commercialization and materialization which had taken western countries hundreds of years . Such social changes gave birth to many byproducts–--“contrabands" and “profiteer”, private business and national business rush, commercial campaign and pyramid selling, counterfeit and fraud----and among which  the advent and flooding of all kinds of advertising slogans, is the most obvious external feature. Through repeating, spreading and infiltrating, “advertising words” forcibly took over beautiful and orderly natural landscape as well as human landscape such as architecture, public facilities and media and thus formed an indispensable scenery in people’s daily life.
At the end of 1990s, maybe due to the weariness and repulsion of an insubstantial political life, or due to certain agreement on the lifestyle since the reform and opening up, or due to the attachment to a national complex in building up a powerful country, or simply due to the respect for the wisdom, pragmatism and charisma of "chief designer” Deng Xiaoping, the whole Chinese society suddenly embraced a shining and decent saying, “development is the most important principle". As a result, this slogan that is the epitome of China’s historical characteristic was springing like mushrooms in every part of the country, especially in big cities like  Shenzhen, Shanghai and Guangzhou which benefited  most from the "reform and opening up”. This slogan can be interpreted as a clear and concise economy manifesto, a policy-related administrative order, or a suggestive clue of collective unconsciousness, and of course, the most appropriate explanation would be that it is like a long known “advertising pattern”, i.e. “XX is YY”, a typical statement structure in advertising wording, which works by guiding the consumers to accept a certain brand. To make things more interesting, in many cases, slogan “development is the most important principle” is placed on advertisement banners in various sizes as  temporary alternatives before the outdoor ad space are sold out . For advertising companies, under most circumstances, displaying and promoting the “development” slogan will not cause the rise of operational costs as what incurred here is just “sunk cost” which involves only waiting cost  (once the space is sold, it’ll be replaced by ads like “Coca Cola” b). In fact,  since the alternative “development is the absolute principle” is “decent”, “appropriate” and “propitious” in public eyes and most importantly, it is favored by government bodies that control commercial resources, unexpected economic incremental results have come out.
Being a scenic sight, keyword “development” is like an explanatory “tag” embedded among soaring metropolitan skyscrapers, serving as the most epitomized evidence of the economic construction speed of China’s coastal open cities. With “development” as the main theme, all conflicting economic, political, social and cultural problems seem to be solved already because all social groups and every individual is “developing”, despite their pace and disparity in wealth, and that is the “most important principle” with universal  application. Thus the slogan is undoubtedly correct and extends the mindset of collectivism and egalitarianism that people are used to in a most delicate and strategic manner. And in this situation, the wealth “cake” in front of all economic interest groups is still quite big so that with some diligence or other “means”, one can sure cut a good slice. It is with such background that “allowing some people to prosper first before others” made its historical debut. Therefore, “development”, as the pioneering spiritual guide leads to the explosive expansion of cities: city borders quickly expanding, satellite cities and small cities taking shape, various circulation links forming large webs and commercial facilities springing up like bamboo shoots. As competition intensifies, business models are also undergoing continuous upgrading, with the successive appearance of various commercial operations and modes such as large department stores, shopping streets lined with private stores, boutiques, flea markets, chain supermarkets and shopping malls. Accompanying such changes is the arrival of multinational business giants, international brands and services of brand-new concept, which are settling down in China on a massive scale. Take Shanghai for example, the downtown area is dotted with franchised stores of almost every international brand as well as well-designed shopping centers; a bit farther away from downtown are urban areas interwoven with crisscrossed  complexes of business streets; at the junction of urban areas and suburbs are situated gigantic GMS’ and their logistic facilities that supply for shops of all sizes. Besides, the prosperity of commerce has also stimulated a straight climb in industries. At the outskirts of the city, manufacturing and processing businesses are constantly emerging and expanding along the city ring and suburb ring roads into neighboring satellite cities. Many OEM factories from global 500 companies are settling down in Shanghai suburbs and outlying cities such as Kunshan and Suzhou, driving the business prosperity of these areas. Such developments are fresh and exciting to most Chinese. As a consequence, for a rather long time, people seemed to have overlooked the impact of ideology on lives, the widening wealth disparity and escalating conflicts between various economic interest groups, especially those between advantaged and disadvantaged groups, and the irreversible damage on living environment caused by over-development. Under the label of “development”, people, sceneries, objects and the collage visual style that fit this particular phase of development have taken on a look that is serious and comical at the same time, rational but unmatchable, commercialized yet still decorated with political totems, turning into a typical “slogan sight” that has incorporated both diachronism and synchronism.
II. On “Keyword Harmony”
Henri Lefebvre, a representative Neo-Marxist, holds that human living space "Not only results from various historical and natural factors, but also society & ideology it is a social structure composed of social and materialistic practices.” After the reform and opening up, China experienced a rather long-lasting deficient economy, and thus “development” had been the irreplaceable keyword during that historical period (similarly, slogan sights derived from “development” became the dominant type), and any other social issues at the moment should comply with or adhere to this key issue. However, because technology and management level as well as laws and regulations lagged far behind,  the course of “development” was frequently characterized as extensive and resource-consuming. “Development” can be compared to a fast-moving diesel locomotive that could neither stop nor slow down and the indicator of its fascinating speed is GDP. GDP has always been the absolute standard government pursues; GDP makes China’s cities expand, brighten and prosper. Magnificent buildings and architecture, exquisitely linked to “administrative feats” more or less, are proudly erected in city space one after another, seemingly depicting and boasting the huge achievement of “the Chinese-style development”.
However, shocking side-effects entangled with “development” come straightforward: excessive development and competition leads to unrestrained consumption of resources and excessive emission of pollutants, impairing ecological balance as well as people’s sustainable living space and living  standard; social value unidirectionally focus on economic development, largely neglecting the development of humanity, e.g. politics, culture and art, resulting in the deviation from the original purpose of economic development and people’s “wellbeing index” indicates a declining trend; growing wealth gap intensifies the frictions and conflicts between the “elite group” from the mainstream society and the disadvantaged at the foot of the social ladder, igniting more and more social problems. Consequently, with the new administration’s advocation and promotion in recent two years, a proper substitute is gradually replacing “development” as the new keyword of the Chinese society and becoming the new slogan sight in city space. That word is “harmony”.
“Harmony” as a word itself originated from the ancient Chinese concept “the harmony between the heaven and the human”, which emphasizes that human can’t just ask from Nature but should respect and compensate Nature in return. Lao-tzu, founder of Taoism, once said: “human follow the earth, the earth follows the heaven, the heaven follows Taoism,Taoism follows nature” . And these sentences hold the idea that human should respect natural as the guidance and all human behavior should stick to the principle of “honoring the nature” and “l(fā)earning from the heaven and the earth”. It was right for the pilot to learn from history and pointed to a warning “beacon” for all the crew at the critical moment when the Chinese aircraft carrier under the full inertia of “development” was about to hit the rock.
Undoubtedly, the message conveyed by keyword “harmony” is way beyond the simple direction specified by the blueprint of the “N year” macro economy plan bundled with the “development” era, beyond the tough problems imposed by the international conflicts in the post-cold-war world, and also beyond the chronic “principle-related” debate between the reformists and conservatives about the distinction of what is socialist and what is capitalist. The new keyword covers a series of complicated and unsettled issues that reflect all civilians’ concerns, such as the absence of social trustworthiness, abuse of energy resources, climate anomalies triggered by excessive pollution emissions, inflation of prices, hostility between city and countryside, drug problems, intense relationship between doctors and patients, financial turbulence as well as those “subjects affecting people’s livelihood” which the new administration usually study and solve as their 1st or 2nd priority at the center of supreme authority. Keyword “harmony”, with the historical responsibility of awakening the return of traditional Chinese cultural values on its shoulder, seems to have undertaken a great commission, which is to move the nearly breaking down Chinese economy, an opened Pandora box, back on the healthy track.
“Harmony”, a visual sign composed of Chinese characters, can be seen  in many different  places. It may be printed on a huge advertisement banner on the top of a skyscraper in a big city, with pictures of beautiful mountains and waters as the background, making a magnificent presence; it may be put on large posters decorating the temporary fences surrounding a real estate under construction, which, along with the flame of the sunset at dusk and the constant flow of people getting off work, would make perfect video clips of the typical Chinese “post-modern life”; it may be well displayed in a show window beside the green area of a refined residence community, where an old man totters past  it; it may appear among the rolling titles on an arched electronic screen installed at communication hubs in the downtown area, and the flickering and dazzling LED arrays against the dark sky symbolizing the interaction between the keyword and its carrier.
After just a few clicks of camera shutters, with keyword “harmony” as slogan sights in the background, men and women traveling in crowds, stranger brushing against you, lonely soul swiftly passing by or leisurely couple walking dogs, they’re all captured by the lens as still images in a documentary way, their faces being clear sharp or out of focus, some showing ease and leisure, some displaying contentment, some fidgeting, and some suggesting an air of indescribable embarrassment.
“Harmony”, the keyword saturated with historic and cultural significance and yet challenged by the ideology of current situations, when it is pieced together with pop-art style street views, when it is blended into the blue sky and white clouds, when it is matched with people’s numerous facial expressions, when it bursts sparkles by mixing with fashion elements, I am surprised to find that the relationship between the visual sight of words and their logic meanings is actually misplaced, dissected and even conflicted. That relationship is a seemingly familiar but actually quite strange juxtaposition, almost like certain settings of stage scenery forced upon life. And I, an observer behind the lens, while recording “real” sights and events, is gradually sinking into the vision field of a “virtual reality” and involuntarily being drawn into the “black hole of semantics”.
 
 
關(guān)于標語景觀“關(guān)鍵詞——發(fā)展”與“關(guān)鍵詞——和諧”的闡釋
倪衛(wèi)華
在中國,標語是伴隨著時代演進的一個最重要的視覺景觀,作者對標語景觀直接的拍攝記錄起始于一九九八年底對城市標志性因素的分類搜尋,這是作者與另一位建筑師兼藝術(shù)家王家浩一起合作的城市研究課題“線性城市”的一個研究環(huán)節(jié)——即對商業(yè)、交通、人口等城市各因素密集程度排序的采樣統(tǒng)計。在搜尋中,作者發(fā)現(xiàn),“發(fā)展是硬道理”這一條標語充斥著上海這座城市的許多公共空間,于是作者將其作為城市因素的“地址”概念之一進行統(tǒng)計,同時作為標語題材本身進行“景觀的記錄”而展開重點拍攝。

(一)、關(guān)于《關(guān)鍵詞——發(fā)展》
事實上,在拍攝標語“發(fā)展”之前,作者已經(jīng)深深感受到,標語很早以來就是中國人日常生活的重要內(nèi)容之一。印象最深的是兒時的情景,那時候的標語可以用“鋪天蓋地”來形容,標語的關(guān)鍵詞匯可能是“革命”、“萬歲”或“專政”一類的,而出現(xiàn)的密集程度則遠遠超過當今這個時代。這是這一時期以政治為中心的社會活動最顯著的特征。改革開放以后,政治性標語盡管也一度作為標志性“話語”主宰著整個標語景觀的半壁江山,但迅速取而代之占據(jù)主導地位的是“廣告的話語”,由于經(jīng)濟迅速膨脹的社會變化伴隨著拜金主義思潮填補了剛剛被政治狂熱洗劫過的中國人的靈魂,于是,從“走私”到“倒爺”,從個體戶到全民經(jīng)商,從促銷到傳銷,從假冒偽劣商品到“忽悠行騙”,中國人仿佛一夜間經(jīng)歷了資本主義社會上百年才走過的商品化、物欲化道路,而作為最鮮明外化特征的便是大大小小廣告標語的出現(xiàn)與泛瀾?!皬V告的話語”同樣以復制、蔓延、滲透的方式硬性侵占著優(yōu)美有序的自然景觀,也侵占著建筑物、公共設(shè)施、文化媒體等人文景觀,并構(gòu)成人們?nèi)粘I畈豢煞指畹囊坏里L景線。
九十年代末期,也許是對過于空洞性政治生活的厭倦和厭惡,也許是對改革開放以來生活方式的某種認同,也許是對創(chuàng)建強國之路民族主義情節(jié)的迷戀,也許是對總設(shè)計師睿智務(wù)實的人格魅力的敬佩,整個社會忽然之間接受了一個光燦燦的、“十分體面”的話語——“發(fā)展是硬道理”。于是,全國各地,特別是受惠改革開放最多的深圳、上海、廣州等大城市像雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)出了這一最具中國時代特征的標語。它像是一個簡明扼要的經(jīng)濟宣言,也像是政策性的行政命令,又像是集體無意識的一個提示性點撥,當然,最為詞切意達的是:它更像一個人們似乎熟悉已久的“廣告的話語”——即“××是什么”這一典型廣告語結(jié)構(gòu)的陳述句式,它似乎直截了當?shù)卦谡T導消費者認同某一個商品品牌。而巧合的是,“發(fā)展是硬道理”這一標語在更多的場合下,正是放置或占據(jù)于大大小小廣告牌的突出位置的。這是戶外媒體招租前的一種臨時性替補策略。對于廣告商而言,大多數(shù)情況下,展示和宣傳“發(fā)展是硬道理”不會使經(jīng)濟運營成本上升,這里所發(fā)生的只是“沉沒成本”,是本來就需要等待的成本(當一旦有商家購買后,就會換上“可口可樂”等商品品牌的廣告語),相反,由于所選擇的替代內(nèi)容“發(fā)展是硬道理”,因為十分“得體”、“合適”、“吉利”而頗受大眾的認同,當然最為重要的是,它由于受到掌握了商業(yè)資源的政府部門青睞,因而還會帶來意想不到的經(jīng)濟增值效應。
作為景觀,“發(fā)展”這一關(guān)鍵詞像是鑲嵌于城市里拔地而起的高樓大廈的注釋性“標簽”,是中國沿海開放城市經(jīng)濟建設(shè)速度的最具概括性的印證。而一旦有了“發(fā)展”的掩護,仿佛所有經(jīng)濟的、政治的、社會的和文化的沖突性問題都解決了。因為不管快與慢,不管貧富差異有多大,至少每一個群體乃至個人都在“發(fā)展”,這才是放之四海而皆準的“硬道理”,因而它是毋容置疑的,是人們習以為常的集體主義和平均主義意識形態(tài)的一個最為巧妙的、策略的延續(xù)。此時擺在各個經(jīng)濟利益體面前的財富“蛋糕”依然很大,只要你勤勞或擁有其他“門道”,就可以穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地切上一塊?!白屢徊糠秩讼雀辉F饋怼闭窃谶@樣的背景下登上歷史舞臺的?!鞍l(fā)展”于是作為一種時尚精神的引領(lǐng),帶來了城市的爆炸性膨脹:城市邊界迅速地擴張,衛(wèi)星城市和小城市相繼形成,各種流通環(huán)節(jié)交織成網(wǎng),商業(yè)設(shè)施如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)。而隨著競爭的加劇,經(jīng)營模式也在不斷地升級,先后呈現(xiàn)了大型百貨商店、個體商業(yè)一條街、精品專賣店、跳蚤市場、連鎖超市、大賣場等商業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)及經(jīng)營模式。伴隨而來的是,跨國公司的商業(yè)巨無霸、國際化商品品牌和全新理念的服務(wù)也大規(guī)模地在中國駐扎生根。以上海為例,在市中心,各種世界品牌的專賣店及精致的購物中心星羅棋布;稍微偏離中心一些的城區(qū),編織著縱橫交錯的商業(yè)街群落,在城郊結(jié)合部,鑲嵌著一個個巨無霸式的超級大賣場,及其為大大小小商場進行配送服務(wù)的物流倉儲設(shè)施等;另外,商業(yè)的繁榮也帶來工業(yè)景氣度的直線上升,在城郊,隨著城環(huán)和郊環(huán)線通向各個衛(wèi)星城區(qū),制造加工業(yè)不斷地涌現(xiàn)與擴展,世界500強的OEM定制工廠安頓在上海郊區(qū)及昆山、蘇州等外圍城市,從而拖動了這一地區(qū)的商業(yè)繁榮。這樣的發(fā)展,對于大多數(shù)中國人來說是新鮮的、刺激的。因而,在相當長一段時間內(nèi)人們似乎忘記了意識形態(tài)對生活的干預,忘記了經(jīng)濟利益體之間,特別是強勢群體和弱勢群體之間財富差距的擴大和矛盾沖突的日益升級,忘記了過度發(fā)展給人的生存環(huán)境造成的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的破壞。人、景、物以及適合于這個發(fā)展中特定時期的拼貼式視覺樣式,在“發(fā)展”標簽的襯映下看起來既嚴肅又滑稽,既合乎情理又不甚協(xié)調(diào),既商業(yè)化又夾帶著政治的圖騰,成為一種集歷時性與共時性為一體的典型的“標語景觀”。

(二)、關(guān)于《關(guān)鍵詞——和諧》
西方馬克思主義的代表之一亨利•勒斐伏爾(H•Lefebvre)認為,人類生活空間“不僅是各種歷史和自然因素的產(chǎn)物,而且是一個社會的產(chǎn)物,是意識形態(tài)的產(chǎn)物,是一種由社會和物質(zhì)實踐所組成的社會結(jié)構(gòu)”。在中國,改革開放后由于經(jīng)歷了較長期的短缺經(jīng)濟時代,因而“發(fā)展”一直是這一歷史時期不可替代的關(guān)鍵詞(由“發(fā)展”引出的標語景觀同樣成為該類型的主導性景觀),其他的所有當下社會問題都應服從或依附于這個“中心”議題。但是,由于技術(shù)與管理水平相對落后,加上法律法規(guī)的滯后性,“發(fā)展”過程往往呈現(xiàn)出初放型的、資源消耗型的特征?!鞍l(fā)展”仿佛是一輛快速行進的、無法停頓或減速下來的內(nèi)燃機車,而它令人炫耀的行進速度的衡量標志便是GDP。GDP一直以來都是政府重點追求的“發(fā)展”硬指標,GDP讓中國的城市擴張起來,亮堂起來,繁榮起來。一座座與“政績工程”有著千絲萬縷瓜葛的,富麗堂皇的樓宇建筑在城市空間昂首矗立,仿佛在炫耀著、訴說著“中國式發(fā)展”的巨大成就。
然而,一種令人震驚的負面力量也正纏繞著“發(fā)展”撲面而來,那就是:過度的發(fā)展與競爭造成資源的無節(jié)制消耗和污染的超標排放,并且已經(jīng)逐步影響著生態(tài)平衡,影響著可持續(xù)發(fā)展的生存空間和民眾的生活質(zhì)量;社會價值觀普遍忽視政治、文化、藝術(shù)等發(fā)展的軟指標,而是單向度地聚焦經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,反而違背了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的初衷,民眾的“幸福指數(shù)”似乎正呈下降趨勢;日益擴大的貧富差距激化了主流社會“精英”群體與下層弱勢群體之間的矛盾與沖突,引發(fā)出越來越多的社會問題……于是,近二、三年來,在新一屆政府的極力倡導和推動下,一個恰當?shù)脑~匯正漸漸地取代“發(fā)展”,成為中國社會新的關(guān)鍵詞,成為城市空間里的標語新景觀,它就是“和諧”。
作為詞語,“和諧”源自于中國古代的“天人合一”思想,強調(diào)人類不能一味地向自然界(社會)索取,而要尊重和回報于自然(社會)。道家創(chuàng)始人老子提出:人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然。說的是,人要以尊重自然規(guī)律為最高準則,以崇尚自然、效法天地作為人生行為的基本依歸。而“構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會”的政治訴求,正是在這艘充滿著“發(fā)展”慣性的中國式巨輪面臨觸礁的緊要關(guān)頭,領(lǐng)航人以古為鑒,向全體“船員”尤其是強勢利益群體亮出的一盞具有警示意味的“航標燈”。
可以肯定的是,關(guān)鍵詞“和諧”所傳遞出的訊息,已經(jīng)遠遠超出作為關(guān)鍵詞“發(fā)展”時代所涉及的宏觀經(jīng)濟“N年”規(guī)劃藍本中粗黑箭頭的簡單指向,超出了后冷戰(zhàn)時代國際沖突帶來的那些棘手的應對問題,超出了改革派與保守派之間關(guān)于“姓資”、“姓社”的那場曠日持久的“原則立場”之爭。它所涉及的是:社會誠信的缺失、濫用能源及超標排放引發(fā)的氣候異常、漲價、城鄉(xiāng)之間的敵視、毒品、醫(yī)患關(guān)系的緊張、金融動蕩等一系列糾葛不清的百姓視點,是新一屆務(wù)實型政府經(jīng)常拿到最高權(quán)力中心作為一號或二號工程予以研究和解決的“民生話題”。關(guān)鍵詞“和諧”于是乎像要承載起喚醒中國傳統(tǒng)文化價值觀回歸的歷史重任,承載起正處于失控邊緣、潘多拉魔盒式的中國經(jīng)濟乃至社會拉回健康發(fā)展軌道的重大使命。
關(guān)鍵詞——“和諧”,這個由漢字構(gòu)成的視覺符號,如今可能聳立于某個大城市的某座摩天大樓樓頂?shù)木薮髲V告牌上,廣告牌以清山綠水的噴繪攝影圖像作為背景,透現(xiàn)出雄峻、壯美、氣派的風采;可能以一長串公益宣傳的大幅標語形式,環(huán)繞裝飾于一跨房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)區(qū)的臨時圍墻上,在黃昏時分金黃色的余暉中,伴隨著川流不息的下班人群,組合出一段中國式的“后現(xiàn)代生活”視頻;可能精心布置于新城區(qū)某個“高尚住宅小區(qū)”綠化帶前的櫥窗里,一位老人正在它的面前顫顫巍巍地經(jīng)過;可能浮現(xiàn)于鬧市區(qū)交通要道拱型電子屏幕的滾動字幕中,時而閃過的發(fā)光二極管燈光陣列在夜空中分外耀眼,仿佛昭示“詞”與物之間的意義互動……
而關(guān)鍵詞“和諧”,作為一個個的標語景觀,忽然間在快門“咔嚓”作響的一剎那,那些三三兩兩成群結(jié)隊或者偶爾擦肩而過的男人和女人,或者獨自晃過的落單身影,或者溜著寵物狗的休閑組合,在記實鏡頭里,留下了時而清晰、時而模糊的臉部表情的定格畫面:有的悠閑自得,有的心滿意足,有的焦躁不安,有的表現(xiàn)出那種無可名狀的尷尬。
當“和諧”——這一飽蘸歷史文化積淀,又直面當下意識形態(tài)語境的關(guān)鍵詞,與波普藝術(shù)樣式的街景拼貼組合時,與藍天白云融合一色時,與人的千奇百怪的表情互為襯映時,與時尚元素碰擦閃光時,作者驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn):作為詞語的景觀影像與其意義邏輯之間原來是錯位的、分割的甚至是沖突的。是一種貌似熟悉,實際非常陌生的并置關(guān)系,是生活中某些強行捆綁的舞臺布景擺設(shè)。而我作為一名拿著鏡頭的觀察者,在記錄“真實”景物與事件的過程中,漸漸地陷入了一種“虛構(gòu)現(xiàn)實”的視界,并且正不由自主地被卷入“意義的黑洞”。






The Interpretations of Key Words "Development" and "Harmony" in Slogan Views
Ni Weihua
In China, slogans are one of the most important scenic sights that evolve with time. My capturing of such sights started at the end of 1998 when I was doing a research named “Linear Cities” by seeking and sorting typical metropolitan indicators. such as commercialization, transportation and population with an architect and artist Wang Jiahao.  During the research, I found that  the slogan “Development is the most important principle” had occupied many public spaces in Shanghai. So I decided to count it as an element under the category “address” among all metropolitan indicators and in the meanwhile, started photographing them to "make a scenic documentary”.
I. On Keyword “Development”
In fact, long before the shooting of the “development” slogan, I had deeply felt that slogans have long played an important role in Chinese people’s daily lives. In the vivid memory of my childhood, the abundance of slogans could be described as “all over the world”. The intensity of keywords like “Revolution”, “Vive”, “Dictatorship” was far more than today, which was obviously one of the most distinctive features in the time when everything centered around politics. After China’s adoption of “Reform and Opening- up” policy, it wasn’t long before the political slogans that had dominated half the landscape of slogan sights as symbolic "words” replaced by “advertising words”. Due to the drastic social changes characterized by booming economies and the rising of Mammonism which almost “enriched” every Chinese soul in the wake of a political craze, it seemed as if just overnight, China had gone through the path of commercialization and materialization which had taken western countries hundreds of years . Such social changes gave birth to many byproducts–--“contrabands" and “profiteer”, private business and national business rush, commercial campaign and pyramid selling, counterfeit and fraud----and among which  the advent and flooding of all kinds of advertising slogans, is the most obvious external feature. Through repeating, spreading and infiltrating, “advertising words” forcibly took over beautiful and orderly natural landscape as well as human landscape such as architecture, public facilities and media and thus formed an indispensable scenery in people’s daily life.
At the end of 1990s, maybe due to the weariness and repulsion of an insubstantial political life, or due to certain agreement on the lifestyle since the reform and opening up, or due to the attachment to a national complex in building up a powerful country, or simply due to the respect for the wisdom, pragmatism and charisma of "chief designer” Deng Xiaoping, the whole Chinese society suddenly embraced a shining and decent saying, “development is the most important principle". As a result, this slogan that is the epitome of China’s historical characteristic was springing like mushrooms in every part of the country, especially in big cities like  Shenzhen, Shanghai and Guangzhou which benefited  most from the "reform and opening up”. This slogan can be interpreted as a clear and concise economy manifesto, a policy-related administrative order, or a suggestive clue of collective unconsciousness, and of course, the most appropriate explanation would be that it is like a long known “advertising pattern”, i.e. “XX is YY”, a typical statement structure in advertising wording, which works by guiding the consumers to accept a certain brand. To make things more interesting, in many cases, slogan “development is the most important principle” is placed on advertisement banners in various sizes as  temporary alternatives before the outdoor ad space are sold out . For advertising companies, under most circumstances, displaying and promoting the “development” slogan will not cause the rise of operational costs as what incurred here is just “sunk cost” which involves only waiting cost  (once the space is sold, it’ll be replaced by ads like “Coca Cola” b). In fact,  since the alternative “development is the absolute principle” is “decent”, “appropriate” and “propitious” in public eyes and most importantly, it is favored by government bodies that control commercial resources, unexpected economic incremental results have come out.
Being a scenic sight, keyword “development” is like an explanatory “tag” embedded among soaring metropolitan skyscrapers, serving as the most epitomized evidence of the economic construction speed of China’s coastal open cities. With “development” as the main theme, all conflicting economic, political, social and cultural problems seem to be solved already because all social groups and every individual is “developing”, despite their pace and disparity in wealth, and that is the “most important principle” with universal  application. Thus the slogan is undoubtedly correct and extends the mindset of collectivism and egalitarianism that people are used to in a most delicate and strategic manner. And in this situation, the wealth “cake” in front of all economic interest groups is still quite big so that with some diligence or other “means”, one can sure cut a good slice. It is with such background that “allowing some people to prosper first before others” made its historical debut. Therefore, “development”, as the pioneering spiritual guide leads to the explosive expansion of cities: city borders quickly expanding, satellite cities and small cities taking shape, various circulation links forming large webs and commercial facilities springing up like bamboo shoots. As competition intensifies, business models are also undergoing continuous upgrading, with the successive appearance of various commercial operations and modes such as large department stores, shopping streets lined with private stores, boutiques, flea markets, chain supermarkets and shopping malls. Accompanying such changes is the arrival of multinational business giants, international brands and services of brand-new concept, which are settling down in China on a massive scale. Take Shanghai for example, the downtown area is dotted with franchised stores of almost every international brand as well as well-designed shopping centers; a bit farther away from downtown are urban areas interwoven with crisscrossed  complexes of business streets; at the junction of urban areas and suburbs are situated gigantic GMS’ and their logistic facilities that supply for shops of all sizes. Besides, the prosperity of commerce has also stimulated a straight climb in industries. At the outskirts of the city, manufacturing and processing businesses are constantly emerging and expanding along the city ring and suburb ring roads into neighboring satellite cities. Many OEM factories from global 500 companies are settling down in Shanghai suburbs and outlying cities such as Kunshan and Suzhou, driving the business prosperity of these areas. Such developments are fresh and exciting to most Chinese. As a consequence, for a rather long time, people seemed to have overlooked the impact of ideology on lives, the widening wealth disparity and escalating conflicts between various economic interest groups, especially those between advantaged and disadvantaged groups, and the irreversible damage on living environment caused by over-development. Under the label of “development”, people, sceneries, objects and the collage visual style that fit this particular phase of development have taken on a look that is serious and comical at the same time, rational but unmatchable, commercialized yet still decorated with political totems, turning into a typical “slogan sight” that has incorporated both diachronism and synchronism.
II. On “Keyword Harmony”
Henri Lefebvre, a representative Neo-Marxist, holds that human living space "Not only results from various historical and natural factors, but also society & ideology it is a social structure composed of social and materialistic practices.” After the reform and opening up, China experienced a rather long-lasting deficient economy, and thus “development” had been the irreplaceable keyword during that historical period (similarly, slogan sights derived from “development” became the dominant type), and any other social issues at the moment should comply with or adhere to this key issue. However, because technology and management level as well as laws and regulations lagged far behind,  the course of “development” was frequently characterized as extensive and resource-consuming. “Development” can be compared to a fast-moving diesel locomotive that could neither stop nor slow down and the indicator of its fascinating speed is GDP. GDP has always been the absolute standard government pursues; GDP makes China’s cities expand, brighten and prosper. Magnificent buildings and architecture, exquisitely linked to “administrative feats” more or less, are proudly erected in city space one after another, seemingly depicting and boasting the huge achievement of “the Chinese-style development”.
However, shocking side-effects entangled with “development” come straightforward: excessive development and competition leads to unrestrained consumption of resources and excessive emission of pollutants, impairing ecological balance as well as people’s sustainable living space and living  standard; social value unidirectionally focus on economic development, largely neglecting the development of humanity, e.g. politics, culture and art, resulting in the deviation from the original purpose of economic development and people’s “wellbeing index” indicates a declining trend; growing wealth gap intensifies the frictions and conflicts between the “elite group” from the mainstream society and the disadvantaged at the foot of the social ladder, igniting more and more social problems. Consequently, with the new administration’s advocation and promotion in recent two years, a proper substitute is gradually replacing “development” as the new keyword of the Chinese society and becoming the new slogan sight in city space. That word is “harmony”.
“Harmony” as a word itself originated from the ancient Chinese concept “the harmony between the heaven and the human”, which emphasizes that human can’t just ask from Nature but should respect and compensate Nature in return. Lao-tzu, founder of Taoism, once said: “human follow the earth, the earth follows the heaven, the heaven follows Taoism,Taoism follows nature” . And these sentences hold the idea that human should respect natural as the guidance and all human behavior should stick to the principle of “honoring the nature” and “l(fā)earning from the heaven and the earth”. It was right for the pilot to learn from history and pointed to a warning “beacon” for all the crew at the critical moment when the Chinese aircraft carrier under the full inertia of “development” was about to hit the rock.
Undoubtedly, the message conveyed by keyword “harmony” is way beyond the simple direction specified by the blueprint of the “N year” macro economy plan bundled with the “development” era, beyond the tough problems imposed by the international conflicts in the post-cold-war world, and also beyond the chronic “principle-related” debate between the reformists and conservatives about the distinction of what is socialist and what is capitalist. The new keyword covers a series of complicated and unsettled issues that reflect all civilians’ concerns, such as the absence of social trustworthiness, abuse of energy resources, climate anomalies triggered by excessive pollution emissions, inflation of prices, hostility between city and countryside, drug problems, intense relationship between doctors and patients, financial turbulence as well as those “subjects affecting people’s livelihood” which the new administration usually study and solve as their 1st or 2nd priority at the center of supreme authority. Keyword “harmony”, with the historical responsibility of awakening the return of traditional Chinese cultural values on its shoulder, seems to have undertaken a great commission, which is to move the nearly breaking down Chinese economy, an opened Pandora box, back on the healthy track. 
“Harmony”, a visual sign composed of Chinese characters, can be seen  in many different  places. It may be printed on a huge advertisement banner on the top of a skyscraper in a big city, with pictures of beautiful mountains and waters as the background, making a magnificent presence; it may be put on large posters decorating the temporary fences surrounding a real estate under construction, which, along with the flame of the sunset at dusk and the constant flow of people getting off work, would make perfect video clips of the typical Chinese “post-modern life”; it may be well displayed in a show window beside the green area of a refined residence community, where an old man totters past  it; it may appear among the rolling titles on an arched electronic screen installed at communication hubs in the downtown area, and the flickering and dazzling LED arrays against the dark sky symbolizing the interaction between the keyword and its carrier.
After just a few clicks of camera shutters, with keyword “harmony” as slogan sights in the background, men and women traveling in crowds, stranger brushing against you, lonely soul swiftly passing by or leisurely couple walking dogs, they’re all captured by the lens as still images in a documentary way, their faces being clear sharp or out of focus, some showing ease and leisure, some displaying contentment, some fidgeting, and some suggesting an air of indescribable embarrassment.
“Harmony”, the keyword saturated with historic and cultural significance and yet challenged by the ideology of current situations, when it is pieced together with pop-art style street views, when it is blended into the blue sky and white clouds, when it is matched with people’s numerous facial expressions,&

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