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藝術(shù)家簡(jiǎn)介


  西麗·娜沙特于1957年在伊朗出生,1970至1980年間在美國(guó)加利福尼亞接受藝術(shù)教育。1979年伊朗回教革命發(fā)生后,她長(zhǎng)期定居紐約。

  西麗·娜沙特的藝術(shù)職業(yè)生涯始于上世紀(jì)九十年代的一次伊朗之旅。在這次旅程中,宗教政權(quán)統(tǒng)治下的社會(huì),尤其是女性的生存狀態(tài)深深震撼了她。于是,她披上傳統(tǒng)的黑紗,露出隨身佩帶的武器和書(shū)寫(xiě)在身體上的禱文,拿起相機(jī),開(kāi)始進(jìn)行黑白攝影創(chuàng)作。壓迫、權(quán)力、性別、生活、死亡和殉難等是她主要關(guān)注的對(duì)象。

  她的大型影像裝置作品也相繼誕生。其中,作品《狂暴》(Turbulent,1998)曾榮獲1999年威尼斯雙年展金獅獎(jiǎng)。 娜沙特的創(chuàng)作建立在其伊朗原鄉(xiāng)情感的伊斯蘭宗教、社會(huì)及女性束縛之間的關(guān)系背景上,并在當(dāng)今跨文化范疇下進(jìn)行探討。男人與女人,個(gè)人與社會(huì),權(quán)力與無(wú)力,性與放逐等關(guān)系都是娜沙特探討的主題。她以視覺(jué)論述的方式,結(jié)合女性細(xì)膩的思維特征與濃厚的詩(shī)意,使作品更趨精煉、成熟與完美。

  西麗·娜沙特以描繪其原鄉(xiāng)伊斯蘭文化的概念攝影及影像而著稱,風(fēng)格華麗、優(yōu)美,充滿詩(shī)意。作為常年定居美國(guó)的伊朗人,她用視覺(jué)論述的方式,著力探討當(dāng)今伊斯蘭社會(huì)里的宗教和世俗、女人和男人、傳統(tǒng)和現(xiàn)代、東方和西方等復(fù)雜關(guān)系。我們將透過(guò)她的鏡頭看到不一樣的伊斯蘭——在伊斯蘭語(yǔ)境下發(fā)生的人類共通的問(wèn)題——這有別于911事件后人們所熟知的由媒體制造、單一且負(fù)面的伊斯蘭印象。

  《《沒(méi)有男人的女人們》——《瑪朵塔》、《扎琳》、《慕尼思》、《菲伊潔》和《法洛可·勒賈》,是美籍伊朗藝術(shù)家西麗·娜沙特于2004到2008年間攝制完成的魔幻寫(xiě)實(shí)影像作品集。以影片女主角名字命名的五個(gè)影像作品,分別在五個(gè)獨(dú)立空間內(nèi)組成七個(gè)投影裝置。影片全長(zhǎng)達(dá)1小時(shí)15分鐘。

  娜沙特的創(chuàng)作藍(lán)本來(lái)自伊朗女作家帕西普爾(Shahrnush Parsipur)于1989年遭禁的同名小說(shuō)。故事描述的是1953年,美英情報(bào)部門(mén)幫助伊朗國(guó)王奪回政權(quán)的政變下,首都德黑蘭五位女人交織的生活。當(dāng)時(shí),由民主選舉產(chǎn)生的伊朗政府將英伊石油公司國(guó)有化,觸犯了英國(guó)人的利益。政變鞏固了親西方的伊朗國(guó)王巴勒維德的地位,直到1979年被伊斯蘭革命推翻。小說(shuō)描述了在這場(chǎng)國(guó)家危機(jī)中,五位勇敢追求自由的女性如何掙扎抵制社會(huì)對(duì)她們施壓的故事。

  在影片中,娜沙特保留了原著的神奇寫(xiě)實(shí)味道,并融入更多魔幻和超自然的因素與之互動(dòng)。另一方面,對(duì)于原著描繪的動(dòng)作情節(jié),娜沙特的處理手法非常自由。她把焦點(diǎn)放在體現(xiàn)書(shū)中所營(yíng)造的氛圍和基調(diào)上,而非再現(xiàn)原著。

  五個(gè)女主角——瑪朵塔、扎琳、慕尼思、菲伊潔和法洛可·勒賈的故事內(nèi)涵是權(quán)力與無(wú)力之間的較量。她們以不同的方式掙扎、抵抗,最后選擇逃離原來(lái)的社會(huì),尋找能庇護(hù)自己的桃花源。對(duì)這些女人而言,生活是一場(chǎng)為自由之戰(zhàn),一場(chǎng)與嚴(yán)酷的社會(huì)禮教和禁忌抗?fàn)幍穆贸獭?br />
  伊朗人民日益強(qiáng)烈的追求民主及獨(dú)立的意識(shí),以及小說(shuō)中女人們通過(guò)發(fā)瘋、學(xué)鳥(niǎo)兒飛翔、反抗或順從等方式抗?fàn)幥笊木?,共同凝結(jié)成娜沙特的創(chuàng)作動(dòng)力,制作出了令人驚嘆的《沒(méi)有男人的女人們》系列作品。

  “對(duì)話西麗·娜沙特,紐約,2005” 紀(jì)錄片導(dǎo)演:維貝克·布呂德(Vibeke Bryld)

  《瑪朵塔》 2004 [13:35]

  影片講述了孤獨(dú)的女人瑪朵塔魔幻而神奇的故事?,敹渌钤趯?duì)性的強(qiáng)烈恐懼中。對(duì)處女貞操的極端器重和對(duì)生育的強(qiáng)烈渴望讓她困擾不已。為尋求解脫,她來(lái)到一座置身荒漠卻異樣富饒的神秘花園,并展開(kāi)離奇的生活。她放棄了人的身份,把自己當(dāng)成一棵樹(shù),種在地里。這樣,她既保住了自己的處女身,又能開(kāi)花結(jié)果,傳播種子。

  超現(xiàn)實(shí)式華麗或夢(mèng)魘般的自然畫(huà)面,通過(guò)三個(gè)并列的投影裝置描繪了這個(gè)被迷念和瘋狂折磨的女人。最終,瑪朵塔掙脫了社會(huì)和性愛(ài)禁忌的束縛,實(shí)現(xiàn)了某種形式的自由和獨(dú)立——身著白色衣裙如浮尸般在水中漂流——成為了自然的一部分。

  曾經(jīng)有人批評(píng),中國(guó)藝術(shù)家一到國(guó)外,就開(kāi)始賣(mài)弄火藥、長(zhǎng)城、中醫(yī)、漢字等中國(guó)符號(hào),迎合外國(guó)人的獵奇心理。其實(shí)許多藝術(shù)家都這樣做,未可厚非。黑人藝術(shù)家標(biāo)榜非洲傳統(tǒng),日本藝術(shù)家強(qiáng)調(diào)東方精神,對(duì)于伊朗女藝術(shù)家西麗·娜沙特(Shirin Neshat)來(lái)說(shuō),則是宗教、女性、革命等時(shí)髦語(yǔ)匯。

  人們都稱娜沙特為伊朗女藝術(shù)家,她也以這種身份參加各種國(guó)際大展,以這種身份一次次獲獎(jiǎng)。雖然她早已美國(guó)化,到底能不能代表伊朗女性,還是問(wèn)題。她于1957生于伊朗,1974年就被家里送到美國(guó)讀中學(xué),大學(xué),不久伊朗發(fā)生了革命,她就在紐約定居下來(lái)。她更準(zhǔn)確的稱呼應(yīng)該是美籍伊朗人。1990年代,她有幾次回到出生地拍作品,在祖國(guó)她顯然不受歡迎,因?yàn)楹ε聢?bào)復(fù)1996年后一直沒(méi)敢再回伊朗。這并不意味著她膽小,2006年底她聲稱準(zhǔn)備拍攝50多年前美國(guó)顛覆伊朗政府的電影,還有媒體夸她“行為大膽”呢!在記者會(huì)上,她順便把當(dāng)今的美國(guó)總統(tǒng)布什罵了一通,痛斥他“極度歪曲歷史”。

  娜沙特的名作《安拉的女人》,婦女們一律披裹黑紗,顯示了伊斯蘭文化對(duì)于女性的嚴(yán)峻影響;她們裸露的面容,手背或手心,足底,密密麻麻寫(xiě)滿了伊朗文字,不妨看成傳統(tǒng)文化對(duì)她們身體的規(guī)訓(xùn);沒(méi)有歡笑,沒(méi)有柔情,姿態(tài)嚴(yán)肅得有些僵硬,然而它們目光炯炯,仿佛明察秋毫的女戰(zhàn)士——畫(huà)面上經(jīng)常添上一枝冰冷的槍。在我看來(lái),她表現(xiàn)的是宗教、文化和革命三重力量塑造下重任在肩的伊朗女性。

  伊朗屬波斯民族,說(shuō)波斯語(yǔ),與講阿拉伯語(yǔ)的阿拉伯民族大不相同,雖然二者都信仰同一種宗教。娜沙特揭示的是波斯女性在伊斯蘭文化中的生存問(wèn)題,卻往往被人們粗心地誤讀為阿拉伯藝術(shù),這種誤讀對(duì)她有利,因?yàn)楹笳咭恢笔钱?dāng)代國(guó)際政治熱點(diǎn)。伊斯蘭革命后的伊朗讓娜沙特震驚,在1997年的一次訪談中,她描述自己重返家鄉(xiāng)后的感受:“我記憶中的伊朗文化和我現(xiàn)在所見(jiàn)到的差異實(shí)在太大了。這種變化令人作栗,我從未想象過(guò)一個(gè)國(guó)家會(huì)如此意識(shí)形態(tài)化。”她不但拍照片,還制作了《騷動(dòng)》、《執(zhí)迷》、《熱情》等錄象裝置,以華麗的想像,表現(xiàn)伊斯蘭社會(huì)中女性與男性的隔膜和怨懟。

  她說(shuō):“我把我的作品看作女性主義和當(dāng)代伊斯蘭的一種視覺(jué)表述——這種表述將某種虛構(gòu)的東西與現(xiàn)實(shí)混在一起,希望告訴人們現(xiàn)實(shí)生活遠(yuǎn)比我們所想象的要更為復(fù)雜。”

  娜沙特的攝影語(yǔ)言極其簡(jiǎn)練,準(zhǔn)確,得極少主義的神髓。那些寫(xiě)滿臉部和雙手的波斯文字,形成優(yōu)美而精致的裝飾圖案,刻畫(huà)在女性雪白細(xì)膩的肌膚上,如同最貼身的面紗和手套。當(dāng)她們掀開(kāi)黑布面紗的一角張望世界,我們清楚地知道,還有一層更柔軟的文化面紗沒(méi)有被揭開(kāi)。文字對(duì)于娜沙特是如此重要,見(jiàn)過(guò)她一件不戴面紗的作品,畫(huà)面惟有一只沉默而失神的大眼睛,眼白里全是字。我不禁想,戴了面紗的眼睛會(huì)看見(jiàn)什么呢?

 

年鑒


Shirin Neshat Biography 1957 Born in Qazvin, Iran 1990 Recipient of a Sponsored Project Grant, New York State Council on the Arts 1992 Artist in Residence, Henry Street Settlement, New York 1995 Recipient of a Mid-Atlantic Photography Fellowship 1995 Recipient of an Art Matters Grant 1996 Recipient of a New York Foundation for Arts Photography Fellowship 1996 Recipient of a grant from Tiffany Foundation 1999 First International Prize, 48th Venice Biennale 1999 Prize for Best Project, ARCO, Madrid, Spain 2000 CalArts, Alpert Award in the Arts, Pasadena, CA 2000 Visual Art Award, “Herald Angel," Edinburgh International Festival 2000 Grand Prix, Kwangju Biennale, Seoul, Korea 2001 Visiting Artist, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Skowhegan, ME 2002 Infinity Award for Visual Art, International Center for Photography, New York 2003 Honoree at The First Annual Risk Takers in the Arts 2003 Celebration, given by The Sundance Institute, New York 2003 ZeroOne Award, Universit?t der Künste, Berlin, Germany 2003 Fine Art Prize, Heitland Foundation, Celle, Germany 2005 Award, Hiroshima City Museum of Art, Hiroshima, Japan Now Lives in New York City Selected Exhibitions 2008 “Shirin Neshat,” Gladstone Gallery, New York 2008 “Shirin Neshat: New Works,” Galerie Jér?me de Noirmont, Paris 2008 “Women Without Men,” ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum, Denmark 2008 “Me Ophelia,” The Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, NL 2008 “Stereotypes,” The Jewish Museum, Berlin, Germany 2008 “Wanderers in Contemporary Video Art,” Museo Civico, Commune di Siena, Siena, Italy 2007 “Foto.Kunst,” Essl Museum, Vienna 2007 "Kunst Film Biennale," K?ln 2007 "Ten Years," Emily Tsingou Gallery, London 2007 "So Close / So Far Away," BE-Part Platform voor actuele kunst, Waregem 2007 "Weltempf?nger," Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg 2007 “Shirin Neshat,” Galeria Filomena Soares, Lisbon, Portugal 2006 “Shirin Neshat,” Lumen Travo Gallery, Amsterdam, NL (solo) 2006 “Shirin Neshat,” Espoo Museum of Modern Art, Espoo, Finland (solo) 2006 ”Shirin Neshat: The Last Word,” Centro Atlantico de Arte Moderno, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (solo) 2006 “Shirin Neshat,” Stedelijk Museum CS, Amsterdam, NL (solo) 2006 "Kapital," Kent Gallery, New York 2006 "Saastamoinen Foundation Art Collection," Espoo Museum of Modern Art, Helsinki 2006 "A Selected State," emily Tsingou gallery, London, England 2006 "Reverence," Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art, Peekskill, New York 2005 “Zarin,” Gladstone Gallery, New York (solo) 2005 Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum Für Gegenwart, Berlin (solo) 2005 Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, Leon, Spain (solo) 2005 Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Hiroshima, Japan (solo) 2005 “Remapped Realities,” Eyebeam, New York 2005 “Some Stories,” Kunsthalle Vienna, Austria 2005 “Figure It Out,” Hudson Valley Center for Contemporary Art, Peekskill, New York 2004 Auckland Art Gallery, New Zealand (solo) 2004 “Non Toccare La Donna Bianca:, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo per l’Arte, Turin 2004 “In Bed”, Toyota Art Museum, Japan 2004 “From Bonifatius to Beuys,” Kunsthalle Erfurt, Germany 2004 “The Parallell World of Marrakech,” Lille 2004, France 2003 “Tooba” Asia Society Museum, New York (solo) 2003 Galeria Filomena Soares, Lisbon, Portugal (solo) 2003 Lumen Travo Gallery, Amsterdam (solo) 2003 Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City (solo) 2003 “ICP Triennial of Photography and Video,: International Center of Photography, New York 2003 “Bill Viola and Shirin Neshat,” The State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia 2003 “Fantasies of the Harem and the New Sherezades," Centre de Cultura Contemporania, Barcelona 2003 "The Natural Cosmos," Staadtische Kunsthalle Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany 2002 Castello di Rivoli, Turin, Italy (solo) 2002 Centre for Contemporary Art, Ujazdowski Castle, Warsaw (solo) 2002 Banco di Brasil, Rio de Janeiro (solo) 2002 Aarhus Kunstmuseum, Aarhus, Denmark (solo) 2002 "Diversions," Contemporary Art Museum, Baltimore 2002 "Synopsis II-Theologies,” The New Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens 2002 "Alter Ego,” Jean-Gabriel Mitterand Galerie, Paris 2002 "Moving Pictures," Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum of Art, New York 2001 “Galerie Farschou, 1986-2001,” Galeri Farschou, Copenhagen, Denmark 2001 “Fervor,” Tensta Konsthall, Spanga, Sweden 2001 "New Acquisitions from the Dakis Joannou Collection,” Deste Foundation, Centre for Contemporary Art, Athens 2001 Biennial de Valencia, Valencia, Spain 2001 Musée d'Art Contemporain de Montreal; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston; Miami Art Museum (solo) 2001 Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland (solo) 2001 Barbara Gladstone Gallery, New York (solo) 2000 Serpentine Gallery, London (solo) 2000 Pitti Discovery, Florence, Italy (solo) 2000 Kunsthalle Wien, Vienna, Austria (solo) 2000 Lia Rumma, Milan, Italy (solo) 2000 Wexner Center, Columbus, Ohio (solo) 2000 "Corpo Chimico,” Cá di Fra, Milan, Italy 2000 "Photography Now: An International Survey of Contemporary Photography," Contemporary Arts Center, New Orleans, Lousiiana 2000 "Erresitentziak/Resistencias," Koldo Mitxelena, Donostia-San Sebastian 2000 "La Beauté in Avignon," Avignon, France 1999 "Heaven: An Exhibition That Will Break Your Heart," Tate Gallery Liverpool, England 1999 "Zeitwenden: Rückblick und Ausblick," Kunstmuseum Bonn, Germany 1999 "Project 70: Shirin Neshat, Simon Patterson, Xu Bing," The Museum of Modern Art, New York 1999 "Voiceovers," Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 1999 Malm? Konsthall, Malm?, Sweden (solo) 1999 Art Institute of Chicago (solo) 1999 D’Amelio Terras, New York (solo) 1999 Henie Onstad Artsentre, Oslo, Norway (solo) 1998 Tate Gallery, London, England (solo) 1998 Whitney Museum of American Art, Philip Morris Branch, New York (solo) 1998 Thomas Rehbein Gallery, K?ln (solo) 1998 "Unfinished History” Walker Art Center, Minneapolis 1998 "In The Detail” Barbara Gross Galerie, Munich, Germany 1997 "Triple X: Contemporary Investigating Arts," International Art Festival, Amsterdam, Holland 1997 "Der Rest der Welt” Haus Der Kulturen Der Welt, Berlin, Germany 1997 "International Art Festival City of Medellin," Medellin, Columbia 1997 Museum of Modern Art, Ljubljana, Slovania (solo) 1997 Annina Nosei Gallery, New York (solo) 1997 Lumen Travo, Amsterdam, Holland (solo) 1996 Centre d’Art Contemporain Kunsthalle, Fribourg, Switzerland (solo) 1996 Marco Noire Contemporary Arts, Turin, Italy (solo) 1996 "Jurassic Technologies Revenant, Sydney Biennial” Australia 1996 "Le Masque et le Miroir” Rencontres Internationales de la Photographie, Arles, France 1995 "Orientation," USA participation, Istanbul Biennial 95, Turkey 1995 "Transculture” Venice Biennial 95, Venice 1995 Annina Nosei Gallery, New York (solo) 1994 "Three New Photographers," Haines Gallery, San Francisco 1994 "Revolving Histories,” SF Camerawork, San Francisco 1994 "Beyond the Borders: Art By Recent Immigrants,”The Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx 1993 "The Office: History, Fantasy and Irregular Protocols," site-specific Installations in an abandoned Wall Street office building, organized by the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council in New York 1993 Franklin Furnace, New York (solo) 1990 "Fever" Exit Art Gallery, New York Multi Media Performance 2003 “Logic of the Birds,” Ortigia Festival, Syracuse, Siclily, July 25 – 27 2002 "Logic of the Birds,” Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN, June 20-23 2002 "Logic of the Birds," Lincoln Center, New York, July 12-13 2002 "Logic of the Birds," ArtAngel, London, November 7-17 2001 “Logic of the Birds (Phase One),” The Kitchen, New York Film Screenings 2004 Brooklyn Art Museum 2004 Museum of Modern Art, New York 2004 Melbourne Arts Festival 2004 Santa Barbara Film festival 2004 Nemo Film Festival, Paris 2004 Unesco Headquarter, Paris 2003 Sundance Film Festival, Salt Lake City 2003 Smithsonian Institution, Freer and Sackler Galleries, Washington D.C. 2003 UCLA Film and Television Archive, Los Angeles 2003 Gene Siskel Film Center, Chicago 2003 Tribeca Film Festival, New York 2003 Athens International Film Festival 2003 Edinburgh International Film festival 2003 Kunst Film Biennale, Cologne 2002 Locarno Film Festival, Switzerland 2002 Dans Le Cadre Du Festival International De Films De Fribourg, Centre D'Art 2002 Contemporain Kunsthalle, Fribourg, France 2002 "Outer & Inner Space: A Video Exhibition in Three Parts/Part Two," Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond 2002 Forum des Images, Paris 2002 Thessaloniki International Film Festival, Athens, Greece 2002 Philadelphia Museum of Art 2001 Chicago International Film Festival, Chicago 2001 San Francisco Film Festival, San Francisco, CA 2001 London Iranian Film Festival, London 2001 Virginia Film Festival, Charlottesville, VA 2001 Pacific Film Archive Festival, Oakland, CA 2000 Telluride Film Festival, Telluride, CO 2000 Locamo Film Festival, Switzerland 2000 Rotterdam Film Festival, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Literature 2006 “Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking”, New Yorker, April 17, 2006, pg. 13 2006 Green, Tyler, “MOMA Keeps the Walls Clean; Islamic Show Sans Politics”, The New York Observer, April 3, 2006 2006 The Conscious Reader, Tenth Edition, Pearson Education Inc, New York, pp.188-9. 2005 Paparoni, Demetrio, L’arte contemporanea e il suo metodo, Grafica Veneta S.p.A. di Trebaseleghe. Venice. 2005 2005 Ravenal, John, “Shirin Neshat: Double Vision” in Reclaiming Female Agency: Feminist Art History After Postmodernism, edited by Norma Broude and Mary D. Garrard, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, pp. 447-458. 2005 Art 2: Practice, eds. Margaret Marsh, Michelle Watts, Craig Malyon, New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 256. 2004 Thorson, Alice, “Women resisting repression,” The Kansas City Star, Dec. 19, 2004. 2004 McNamara, TJ. “Raw Power from the Shadows.” New Zealand Harold, September 1st. 2004 Brownson, Ron. Through the Eyes of Shirin Neshat. Auckland Art Gallery, August 2004. 2003 Aghdashloo, Aydeen. Cultural Criticism: Conversations on Art. Published by Fanoos, Tehran, Iran. (Chapter on Shirin Neshat, pp. 193-201). 2003 Riveroli, Julieta. “Atribuye Censura a Poder Expresivo.” Reforma, Mexico, June 5, 2003. 2003 Vitali, Valentina. “Between Art and Cinema: A Conversation with Shirin Neshat.” N Paradoxa. Volume 12. 2003, pp. 33 43. 2002 Price, Stuart. “Don’t Miss.” The Independent, London. November 1, 2002. 2002 Macdonald, Susan. “Artist in search of truth after the revolution.” The Times. October 26, 2002, pp. 8-9 and section cover. 2002 Art Tomorrow, Edward Lucie-Smith, Paris 2002 2001 Great Themes in Art, John Walford, Prentice Hall. 2001 Nejadmehr, Rasoul, “Den kvinnliga blickens hemlighet (“The Secret of the Female Gaze”),” Divan, 1-2. 2001 Root, Deborah, “The Ambivalent Yearnings of Shirin Neshat,” Prefix Photo, Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 48-61. 2000 Malik, Amna, “The Poetics of the Veil,” Portfolio, issue #32. 2000 Schjeldahl, Peter, “Pragmatic Hedonism,” The New Yorker, April 3. 2000 Shirin Neshat: Two Installations, Bill Horrigan, Wexner Center for the Arts, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. 1999 Cream. Contemporary Art in Culture, New York, Phaidon Press. 1999 Miller, Paul, “Motion Picture: Shirin Neshat’s Turbulent,” Parkett, issue #54. 1999 Neel, Alex, “Shirin Neshat: Turbulent,” Time Out New York, January 7. 1998 Geneva Anderson, “Fundamentale Gesichtspunkte: Ein Gesprach mit Shirin Neshat,” Neue Bildende Kunst. 1998 Goodman, Jonathan, “Poetic Justice: Shirin Neshat Defends the Faith,” World Art, issue #16. 1997 Kleinschmidt, Klaus, “Shirin Neshat,” Spiegel Das KulturMagazin EXTRA Border/Lines, Toronto, Canada, February 1997 Paldi, Livia, “Allah asszonyai,” interview, Budapest, Hungary, Balkon, June. 1997 Shirin Neshat, Marco Noire Contemporary Art, solo exhibition catalogue, Turin, Italy. 1996 Echoes: Contemporary Art at the Age of Endless Conclusions, edited by Francesco Bonami, published by The Monacelli Press, New York. 1996 Lemme, Maria Tiziana, “Femminismo e chador, le donne di Allah,” Naples, Italy, Il Mattino, February. 1996 Smith, Roberta, “In Tomblike Vaults, the Future Flickers and Hums,” The New York Times, August 9. 1995 Zaya, Octavio, “Neshat: Quiero contarel complejo mundo de la mujer musulmana,” Spain, DIARIO 16. 1995 Turner, Jonathan, “Biennial Blues,” Artnews, Summer 1995 Orientation: 4th International Istanbul Biennial Transculture, Biennial of Venice, exhibition catalogue, Venice, Italy. 1994 Beyond the Borders: Art by Recent Immigrants, exhibition catalogue, The Bronx Museum of the Arts, Bronx, NY. 1994 Zaya, Octavio, “Shirin Neshat and the Women of Allah,” interview, France, Purple Prose #7. 1994 Wallach, Amei, “Rejecting The Melting Pot: My Canvas, My Self, Shirin Neshat,” New York Newsday. 1993 Bobby, Kate, “Exploring the Secrets of the Veil,” interview, New Directions For Women. 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